Archive for July, 2010
New To Linux
by sahab on Jul.30, 2010, under kubuntu, RHEL5, Ubuntu
Linux itself is actually just the kernel; it implements multitasking and multiuser functionality, manages hardware, allocates memory, and enables applications to run. The average user will never be interested enough in any operating system to want to know about things like kernel internals.
Why is Linux important?
Because it is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License, Linux obviates the need for programmers to keep reinventing the operations layer with each new project. To wax metaphorical, the GNU family of tools provide royalty-free bricks and mortar with which to begin building independent projects. Critics of free software often voice fears that the freedoms and low cost of free software will lead to economic disaster for the computing sector. However, it is just as likely — if not more likely — that free software will do for the world of computing what Gutenberg’s printing press did for the world of Letters.
- TheGNU General Public License explains what freedoms and responsibilities are mandated to users of free software.
- You can read more about the “philosophy” of free software — and find a great deal of documentation and software packages available for download — at theFree Software Foundation (FSF) Web site.
- TheIBM Public License (IPL) is also a free software license. It was created with the help of FSF founder Richard Stallman.
What can I do with Linux?
What you want out of your Linux system will determine which Linux system you want and how many layers of complexity you need to understand before you begin to work with it.
Linux is an excellent platform on which to learn Linux programming, kernel hacking, or even UNIX programming; many tools and applications are available to play games, to do desktop publishing, or just to hang out doing e-mail and Web browsing.
It is also an excellent platform for working systems, both open and closed, because it is so heavily customizable for free. Linux is a popular platform for everything from middleware to embedded computing and clusters, to parallel supercomputers and gadgets. IBM has been involved in projects to manufacture cash registers that run on Linux, as well as the Linux wristwatch. Other developers have used Linux on such devices as cell phones, Sony PlayStation, TiVo, and the Sharp Zaurus.
How do I get started with Linux?
you are completely new to Linux, or if you are using Linux as a desktop operating system, you need to learn at least some basics about system administration and security. Unlike commercial personal operating systems that attempt to automate such operations, Linux does not promise to hold your hand or to clean up after you: you have to take care of the system yourself. Luckily, basic maintenance and basic security are pretty easy. In many ways, Linux and UNIX administration is today much easier than administration for popular commercial personal operating systems because it is much more transparent.While Linux does have several windowing environments that allow you to perform administration, the most straightforward way to control the system is at the command line. Built in to the structure of the command-line environment are dozens of commands and several text-based help systems.
There are a great many resources on the Web and in the real world to help you get started with Linux. There are Web sites, articles, and books devoted to the subject, and Linux User Groups (also known as LUGs) meet in cities and countries around the world — and are well-known for being very friendly even to very new users.
Version Control System bazaar Setup on Ubuntu
by sahab on Jul.29, 2010, under Ubuntu, ubuntu 7.10
| Bazaar is a distributed version control system (VCS) available under the GPL; it’s similar to Subversion (svn). Bazaar is sponsored by Canonical, Ltd., the company that develops the Ubuntu Linux distribution, and therefore the Ubuntu project is the most prominent user of Bazaar. This article explains how to set up and use Bazaar on a Ubuntu 7.10 system, and how to configure an SFTP server to host your Bazaar repository. |
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IP address 10.0.2.2: the server that will keep the Bazaar repository and that offers SFTP services; I have refer to it as server in this article.
The username is “bazaar” The workstation where Bazaar will be installed and software will be developed (that will be managed by Bazaar). I use the user is default system user. But I have added the group name is “bazaar” and change the group name of the project development folder to bazaar. ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/$ sudo mkdir /Project Installing SFTP On The ServerServer: (All the steps in this chapter have to be done as the root user!) Let’s install SFTP on the server: apt-get install ssh openssh-server Next we create a user account – bazaar in this case – that uses the /usr/lib/sftp-server shell instead of /bin/bash or any other shell: This creates the user bazaar with the home directory /home/bazaar Assign a password to bazaar: passwd bazaar Then make /usr/lib/sftp-server a valid login shell by adding it to /etc/shells: echo ‘/usr/lib/sftp-server’ >> /etc/shells Installing Bazaar On The Workstationworkstation: Run the following command as root: apt-get install bzr python-paramiko Using Bazaarworkstation: Now log in as the normal user, or, if you are logged in as root, run su ubuntu to become the normal user (in this case ubuntu). Then go to your home directory: cd ~ First, tell Bazaar who you are: bzr whoami ubuntu Check that Bazaar has correctly stored your identity: bzr whoami ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/$ bzr whoami Now let’s create a test directory with some test files:(Note: The Project directory group name should be “bazaar” otherwise it will make permission issue when we push the revision to the server) ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/$ cd /Project/ pwd Bazaar must initialize itself in the project directory: bzr init This creates some hidden files that Bazaar needs to manage your project. You can see the hidden folder .bzr in the myproject directory when you run ls -la ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/Project/myproject$ ls -la Now run bzr add to make all files/directories in the myproject folder versioned. The output is as follows: ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/Project/myproject$ bzr add Next add the files/directories to your branch (with a small comment so that you know what this commit is about): bzr commit -m “Initial import” The output is as follows: ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/Project/myproject$ bzr commit -m “Initial import” ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/Project/myproject$ Now let’s modify the (yet empty) file test1.txt: vi test1.txt some text...
Run bzr diff ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/Project/myproject$ bzr diff bzr commit -m “Added first line of text” ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/Project/myproject$ bzr commit -m “Added first line of text” bzr log displays a history of the latest actions:ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/Project/myproject$ bzr log revno: 2 committer: ubuntu branch nick: Project timestamp: Sat 2008-03-08 13:16:08 +0530 message: Added first line of text revno: 1 committer: ubuntu branch nick: Project timestamp: Sat 2008-03-08 11:59:52 +0530 message: Initial import Now let’s publish the project to our server (using SFTP): ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:/Project/myproject$ bzr push –create-prefix sftp://bazaar@10.0.2.2/home/bazaar/myproject cd
rm -fr myproject/
Now anyone can download a copy of your branch. To test this, we create the directory test/ and download a copy of the branch to it: cd mkdir test/
cd test/ bzr branch sftp://bazaar@10.0.2.2/home/bazaar/myproject bazaar@10.0.2.2′s password: Branched 2 revision(s). While you’re working on your copy, it’s possible that other people commit their changes to the server. To merge these changes into your working copy, run ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:~/test$ ls bzr diff Now you can change your working copy, e.g.: vi test1.txt some text Take a look at the changes: bzr diff ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:~/test/myproject/$ bzr diff ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:~/test/myproject/t$ When you’re finished, commit your changes: bzr commit -m “Some changes” Afterwards, upload the changes to the server: ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:~/test/myproject/$bzr push –create-prefix sftp://bazaar@10.0.2.2/home/bazaar/myproject Afterwards, you can (if you like) delete your working copy again. To find out what else you can do with Bazaar, take a look at bzr help ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:~/test/myproject/$ bzr help Basic commands: bzr add make files or directories versioned bzr status summarize changes in working copy bzr merge pull in changes from another branch bzr log show history of changes bzr help init more help on e.g. init command and bzr help commands |