sudo set-language-env -E – Default Language

sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup – used to reconfigure the default language

For example if you need to chanage the default language to German, run the above command and choose your default language.

Your primary understanding is that Windows XP is an old operating system and makes some important ignorant assumptions.

The first assumption is that Windows was a proprietary computer operating system produced by a Corporation that wanted a monopoly control of the computer operating system market. This meant that it would

Assume that it was going to be the only operating system of the computer

And assume that it need no capacities to recognize the presence of any other operating system or file system.

This first assumption that Windows would be the only operating system of the computer means that you have to install a boot record and a bios that establishes that this computer is “compatible” rather than name the more efficient modern setting.

The second assumption means that you have to make sure that Windows is installed in the first true partition right at the front of the cylinder. You can install Linux in a logical partition behind that on the hard drive.

Linux is a modern computer operating system and is adaptable to its environment and is produced in a way that it recognizes other computer operating systems on the hard drive and it can install itself anywhere.

Your secondary understanding is that you will have to first install Linux to prepare the hard drive if such a way as that there is a NTFS formatted partition in your very first primary, (first) partition, i.e. /dev/sda1. This is for windows to reside in. Part of the secondary understanding is that you don’t install all the bells and whistles with this Linux installation because you are going to nuke the boot record when you install Windows into the partition. This is no problem because then you will install Linux a second time and then it will create the boot record in grub and make everything happy.

Part of the secondary understanding is that you will install Linux for the primary purpose of downloading gparted, a partition manager, and move your partitions around if you want to save your data or whatever. I have a better idea.

By far better idea is that you do what I ended up doing which is to

— Boot from a live Linux disk.

— backup your data to a thumb drive or USB drive.

— Boot from a live Linux disk

— just nuke and repartition your hard drive so

— there is an empty NTFS Partition at /dev/sda1.

— Make sure that the setting for your bios is set to “’compatible” this is the reason (for probably about 24 failed Windows installs where Windows simply couldn’t see the partitions I was making for it. I am not exaggerating the number of failed attempts)
— Install Linux lightly into the first part of a logical extension making room for a swap drive that is twice the size your RAM memory

— Make sure the boot flag on the partition that Windows will reside is set to “boot”

— Reboot with the Windows disk that you have. It will now see where it is supposed to go, being completely blind to everything that’s in the logical extension. As long as you don’t choose to format your hard drive all the damage that Windows will do will be to put Windows on your computer. That is enough.

— During the install leave the room and do something fun because looking back at the computer while Windows is installing can make you crazy.

— Reboot into Windows and there is something that you will do here but I will NOT mention here for clarity but I will make an endnote containing that information.

— Setup Windows to please yourself.

— reboot from the live Linux distribution.

— Install Linux. It will ask you about whether you want to just install it along with an operating system or not. I hope it is not necessary for me to answer that question for you.

— At this time Linux will rewrite the boot data so from then on when you start a computer you can hit escape and get that menu that let you choose whether you want to run Windows or a modern operating system.

— Now what you’ll want to do if you don’t have the CD that came with the computer with the drivers for your laptop is to Ethernet cable connect your laptop to a computer with an Internet connection. Go to your laptop manufacturer’s website and download the drivers for the Windows operating system wireless app. Then when you reboot into Windows with that installed you can connect to the Internet and get all the rest of the drivers and whenever you want in the way of apps.

Use the command “sudo visudo” to edit the file. Now look for the line “# User alias specification” and add a list of users as follows:#

 User alias specification
User_Alias USERS = user1, user2, user3

Now look for the line “# Cmnd alias specification” and add a command list as follows:

# Cmnd alias specification
Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN_CMDS = /sbin/shutdown, /sbin/reboot, /sbin/halt

Now look for the line “%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL” and add the command which will let USERS give SHUTDOWN_CMDS without a password

:%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL
USERS ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: SHUTDOWN_CMDS

Now those specified users can use the commands “sudo shutdown”, “sudo halt”, and “sudo reboot” without being asked for your password.

EDIT: By the way, the reason that these commands can’t be used by normal users is that Linux was designed as a multi-user system. You don’t want one user shutting down the system while others are using it!

root@sahab-desktop# netstat -n|grep :80|awk {‘print $5′}|awk -F: {‘print $1′}>netlist;for i in `sort -u netlist` ;do echo -n$i”->”;grep -c $i netlist; done;

How to remove frozen messages from mail queue?(exim)

This command will help you to remove the frozen messages from the mail queue.

exim -bp|grep ‘*** frozen ***’ |awk {‘print $3′} |xargs exim -Mrm

Command to find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 10 days

The following command will find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 10 days

find / -type f -atime -10 > Monthname.files

This command will find all the files under root, which is ‘/’, with file type is file. ‘-atime -30′ will give all the files accessed less than 10 days ago. And the output will put into a file call Monthname.files.

Find and Remove the editor backup files

find . -name ‘*~’ -type f -print

find . -name ‘*~’ -type f -print |xargs rm -f

For solving this issue, I have tried many options, finally below command is worked for me

sudo update-alternatives –config x-cursor-theme

select the theme you then log out

Here is what i did to enable hardware decoding:
Created

/etc/adobe/mms.cfg and put this in it:

EnableLinuxHWVideoDecode=1

Restarted the browser and it worked (well on some sites anyway).

Working site: youtube, 1080p content works either at ~40% cpu or ~10-20% – i dont know why is this big difference, i tested it wth the same clip (big buck bunny) a few times.
I turned on the video details from the right click menu and it showed that it was accelerated (software rendering is at ~100% on my Athlon II x2 250 @3 GHz)
Vimeo said that stage video is available but for whatever reason it did not use it.

Problems: some sites wont play streaming video if hardware acceleration is enabled. Additionally, if flash is loaded once, i get tearing vdpau playback (with mplayer). Regardless if the browser is stopped, the tearing remains until i restart x or sometimes it goes away after a few suspend/resume cycles.
So Adobe had good reason to disable it by default.

Thanks to
Great discussion on similar work here @ http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1600498. Just a different card.

Solution:
I used the above thread to do my work – banged my head against the wall a couple of times but it was fun . I am listing down steps that finally worked for me. But before that, my configurations:

• Ubuntu 10.10
• 64 bit
• WPA2 wireless network
• OS was freshly installed and there was no specific customization prior to this
• RaLink Device 5390. (use lspci to see your model number)

1. Download the driver from ralinktech.com –> Software –> Linux
2. Unzip the download zip file anywhere. I did it in the default Downloads directory
3. cd to the 2010_xxx extracted directory
4. cd os/linux/
5. Edit the config.mk file as below:
   HAS_ATE=y (no change, it was originally as is)
   HAS_WPA_SUPPLICANT=y (no change, it was originally as is)
   HAS_NATIVE_WPA_SUPPLICANT_SUPPORT=y (no change, it was originally as is)
   HAS_ANTENNA_DIVERSITY_SUPPORT=y originally was n — this was the only thing I modified)
6. Go back to the 2010_xx directory
7. run command ‘make’
8. Make sure ‘make compile’ exists without errors. I got an error “too many arguments to format” towards the end of the compile but it did compile successfully eventually. And so I ignored the errors. You would see ***errors*** if the compile is not successful. In which, something went wrong and you may need to tweak the makefile or config.mk files before compile is successful.
9. run command ‘make install’ as root. This is not listed in the README_STA_pci file that comes with downloaded driver zip file. This takes of copying the file to /lib/modules/2.6.35-22-generic/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rt5390sta.ko. running depmod, creating /etc/Wireless/… folder.
10. Edit the /etc/modules and add the line at the end of this file
    rt5390sta
11. Edit the file /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf and add the below line to it…
    blacklist rt2800pci
12. Reboot and you should see an ra0 interface when you run the command ‘ifconfig’
13. You may have to run ‘/etc/init.d/network-manager restart’ command to have it show in the first go.
14. Once, the wireless icon shows up, look for your wireless SSID and there you go surfing

2) In the startup tab, look for ‘Volume Control’ and check it if its unchecked.

3) If its not there, ‘Add’ it using the following parameters:

Name: Volume Control
Command: gnome-volume-control-applet
Comment: Show desktop volume control

4) Restart